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OUTLINES OF ENGLISH HISTORY 



WITH 



MEMORY FORMULAS. 



Dates Pern\a nerytly Fixed ir| t^e Kir\d Without 
tfye Use of Figures. 



BY 
%EV. H. cJ. VUBOC. 



KAXSAS CITY, MO.: 

Tiernan-Havens Printing Company 

1900. 



22524 



66165 



Copyright 1900, 

By REV. H. A. DUBOC 

All rights reserved. 



Library of Congress 

Two Copies Received 
JUL 20 1900 

Copyright entry 

Jk* '3/fot> 

**.q..mm:...... 

SECOND COPY. 

Delivered to 

ORDER DIVISION, 
JUL 21 1900 



DC^i^ 



To the 

Members of my Shakespearean Circle, 

whose love of English History has 

strengthened my own, 

and to whose ready wits I am indebted for several 

of the formulas herein contained, 

I cordially dedicate this little book as a souvenir 

of our pleasant labors. 



PREFACE. 

The aim of this booklet is not to impart a full 
knowledge of English History, but io give the reader a 
firm grasp of the essentials — the first condition of thor- 
oughness in any branch of knowledge. 

Our brief narrative is confined to the principal 
events of the period, and a marked prominence is given 
to the distinguishing feature. This serves as a center of 
unity to connect apparently isolated events and bind 
them into one whole. The philosophy of history is thus 
emphasized, teaching the reader to discover those lurk- 
ing links of cause and effect which pervade all history. 

The thoughtful student of this method will find, 
too, that it calls into exercise in an unprecedented degree 
the power of association, which may be called the main 
muscle of the memory. A logical connection is estab- 
lished between the dates and the distinguishing feature 
of each reign by using, instead of figures, numerical con- 



6 Outlines of English History. 

sonants that express a meaning in harmony with the 
subject. So that the statement of the distinguishing 
feature, so well worth learning for its own sake, becomes 
the formula that carries the date. 

To the superficial and unthinking, any departure 
from the way to which they have long been accustomed 
seems arbitrary and objectionable. It is only the power 
of habit, however, that blinds them to the fact that the 
way they have always used is decidedly arbitrary and 
mechanical; and that a method which dispenses with 
figures has something of the advantages of wireless tele- 
graphy, that transmits messages without the use of poles 
and wires. 

Ten minutes' wide-awake attention is sufficient to 
master the Figure x\lphabet. and the student's progress 
then becomes easy and rapid. His after-work is almost 
of the nature of a recreation or pastime. He is soon sur- 
prised, however, to find the amount of useful knowledge 
into which he has been playing his way. 

In an incredibly short time he can give the whole 
line of English Kings from Egbert to Victoria, and state 



Outlines of English History. 7 

with perfect ease and accuracy the date of accession of 
each sovereign. Think of the definiteness and precision 
this gives to his knowledge, instead of the looseness of 
that class of scholars who try to believe that names and 
dates are of little consequence, and that, if students can 
grope at the century when kings reigned and events 
occurred, it is all that ought to be expected of them. 




8 Outlines of English History. 

FIGURE ALPHABET. 

Learn carefully the numerical value of the letters 
in the following table : 

t, d, th 1. 

n 'i. 

m 3. 

r 4. 

1 5. 

g (soft), ], ch, sh 0. 

(Six shy Jewesses? chose George.) 

c (hard), g (hard), k, q, ng 7. 

f, v 8. 

P,b , 9. 

c (soft), s, z 0. 

Reasons. 

The t equals one because its main stroke is like a 1 ; 
and d and th, being sounded by the same organs, have 
the same value. An n, having two strokes, equals 2. 
The m, having three strokes, equals 3. The r, being the 
letter that most resembles a 4, has the value of 4. The 1, 
being used in Roman Notation for fifty, which is a mul- 
tiple of five, stands for 5. No special reason in the 
nature of things being given why the aspirated set, g, j, 



Outlines of English History. l) 

ch and sh, should stand for 6, the key sentence, "Six shy 
Jewesses chose George/ 5 in which the first consonants 
of the words are the equivalents of 6, will act as a 
memento. Equally arbitrary is the selection of the pala- 
tals as equivalents of 7; viz.: c (hard), g (hard), k, q 
and ng. As f is in shape an elongated 8. it has the value 
of 8; and v, being sounded by the same organs, also 
stands for 8. As p and b both have the shape of a 9, 
only turned in a different position, they have the value 
of 9. C (soft), being the first letter of the word cipher, 
and z of zero, they have the value of 0; and so has s, 
which has the same sound as c (soft). 

Cautions. 

1. Silent consonants do not count. 

2. Double consonants, sounded only once, count on- 
ly once, like 11 in till. 

3. A combination of consonants having the sound 
of another letter, has the value of that letter; as gh in 
tough, which has the value of f, that is 8. 

4. The vowels have no numerical value, nor have 
the consonants not contained in the table. These letters 
may be used freely to help make up words. 



10 Outlines of English History. 

Explanation of Formulas. 

The letters of the Figure Alphabet are combined in- 
to words or phrases that express as nearly as possible the 
meaning of the event to be remembered. At the same 
time the numerical consonants contained in them express 
the date of the event. So the date becomes as easy to 
remember as the event itself. 

For example, the formula for the obtaining of the 
Magna Charta by the Barons from King John is 
They won the /aw, 1215. 

The burning of Joan of Arc. 
Their maid, 1431. » 

This is what is called a formula of the first kind., in 
which every numerical consonant is counted. When, 
however, it is not easy to make satisfactory sense in this 
way, a formula of the second kind may be made, in 
which only the first numerical consonant of each word 
is counted. As, for example, the one used to express the 
date of the massacre of St. Bartholomew: 
The Zawless killing wight, 1572. 

This latter kind of formula can easily be distin- 
guished from the former by its containing a greater 



Outlines of English History. 11 

number of consonants than the figures in the date to be 
expressed. 

The following are additional examples : 

The Battle of Marathon, touted Persian Host, 
490 B. C. 

The accession of Charlemagne, King C7iarle- 
magne /Nourished, 768. 

The birth of Luther, The reforming i^riar 
Martin, 1483. 

The beheading of Sir Thomas Moore, The 
Zearned Moore lamented, 1535. 

The birth of Shakespeare, The WiWiam Shake- 
speare Yea/-, 1564. 

The defeat of the Spanish Armada, The long 
fleet /oiled, 1588. 

The settlement of Jamestown, The Jamestown 
settlement commenced, 1607. 



ENGLISH HISTORY. 



Britain Under the Romans. 

Caesar invades Britain B. C. 55. Lawless Zanding. 

Julius Agricola permanently establishes Roman 
dominion in the island, A. D. 85. First ?asting. 

The Romans assist the Britons for the last time 
against the Piets and Scots and withdraw from the 
island, 418. JBomans depart finally. 

The Saxons under Hengist and Horsa land at 
Thanet, 449. ifoving. romping people. 

Augustine sent by Gregory to Britain to introduce 
Christianity, converts Ethelbert, King of Kent, 597. 
Latin Apostle comes. 



Britain Under the Saxons. 

Egbert (827, First united England). The son of 
Alkmund, King of Kent. He aspired to the crown of 
Wessex, but Beortric 'was preferred. Egbert tried to 
secure the influence of OfT'a, King of Mercia, in kis 
favor, but that king gave his daughter in marriage i i 



14 Outlines of English History. 

his rival. Feeling henceforth unsafe in Britain, he went 
to the Court of Charlemagne, and was for thirteen years 
a faithful student of that great man's military tactics 
and mode of administration. Tn the year 800, the same 
year in which Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the 
West, the throne of Wessex was made vacant by the mur- 
der of Beortric. Egbert repaired thither and was elected 
king. After a successful reign of twenty-seven years in 
his own kingdom, he conquered the other states of the 
Heptarchy, Kent, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Xorth- 
umbria and Mercia, and united them under one govern- 
ment in 827, thus becoming the first king of united 
England. 

Ethel wolf (836, Four male children). The son and 
successor of Egbert, a weak and unkingly sovereign, is 
to be distinguished from all other English kings as hav- 
ing been the only one who had four reigning sons. 

Ethelbald and Ethelbert (858, Fall off) . The reign 
of this king lasted only two years, so he may be remem- 
bered by the formula, "fall off," that is, dropped away. 

Ethelbert (860, Few shows). The uneventful reign 
of Ethelbert may be rememberd by the expression which 
indicates that there were few goings on. 



Outlines of English History. 15 

Ethelred (866, Fetch joy). The short and troubled 
reign of Ethelred was of greater importance as the pre- 
cursor of that of the greatest and best of English kings, 
Alfred, and thus brought joy to the nation. 

Alfred (871, First good education). Alfred being 
the first scholarly king may be remembered by this for- 
mula. He was much more than a, scholar, however. He 
possessed great military genius, a remarkable adminis- 
trative ability, and, above all, a love for his subjects that 
made him ever seek what was for their good. He was 
only twenty-two years of age when he became king. The 
country was overrun by the Panes, or Northmen. The 
last king, his brother Ethelred. had lost his life in con- 
flict with them. Though Alfred had more taste for let- 
ters than for arms, he showed in his numerous engage- 
ments with the enemy a military skill and courage 
worthy of a great soldier. When, overwhelmed by super- 
ior numbers, the kingdom seemed on the brink of ruin, 
he displayed remarkable fortitude. He finally overcame 
the Danes, converted their leader, Guthrum, and a large 
body of his followers and allowed them to form a Danish 
state within his kingdom, called the Danelag. Near the 
close of his reign, a formidable leader, Hastings, came 



16 Outlines of English History. 

from France with a powerful fleet. A long war ensuec 
in which Alfred was victorious. Shortly after he died 
after a glorious reign of nearly thirty years. His bril 
liant achievements in letters, in war, and in civil admin 
i stratum, and the virtues he displayed in all the circum 
stances of life, won for him the title of Alfred the Great 

Edward the Elder (901, Britain is taken). This 
monarch possessed much of the energy and military 
talents of his father, but without his genius for scienc< 
and literature. He was the first king of the Wes 
Saxons whose sway extended over all Britain. Henc< 
the above formula. 

Athelstan (9,25,* By new law) was the son and sue 
cessor of Edward the Elder. He was a successful war 
rior and administrator, but perhaps the most distin 
guishing peculiarity of this king was the enactment o: 
a law that "any merchant who bad made three long se* 
voyages on his own account should be admitted to th< 
rank of thane, or gentleman." 

Edmund (940, By robber's sword) was a brother o 
Athelstan. He was stabbed by a notorious robber win 
had intruded at a feast in his palace. 

Edred (946, Perish), a brother of Edmund, is to b< 



Outlines of English History. 17 

remembered as the one who finally destroyed the Dane- 
lag. After subduing the Danes in Northumbria, he ap- 
pointed an English governor over it and placed garrisons 
in its principal towns. 

Edwy (955, By Elgiva's love) was the son of Ed- 
mund. His was a short and troubled reign. His ardent 
love for Elgiva was the cause of his misfortunes and 
finally of his death, she being spitefully murdered by his 
enemies and he dying of grief in consequence. 

Edgar (959, By long peace) was the brother of 
Edw}^ and the first Anglo-Saxon king whose reign was 
wholly peaceful. 

Edward the Martyr (975, By call) was the son of 
Edgar, and only fifteen years of age when called to the 
throne. When calling on his stepmother, Elfrida, he 
was stabbed at her instigation while drinking a cup of 
wine that she offered him. 

Ethelred II (978, By cruel favor) was a half- 
brother of the preceding king, and though only a child, 
became king through the wicked partiality of his mother. 
This reign was a very unhappy one. The king was noted 
for weakness and incapacity and was well named Ethel- 
red the Unreadv. that is without rede or counsel. When 



18 Outlines of English History. 

the Danes commenced their invasions he resorted to buy- 
ing them off with large sums of money. This money he 
secured by levying a tax on his subjects called the Dan- 
geld or Dane-money. To strengthen his influence he 
made an alliance with Kichard II, Duke of Normandy, 
and married his daughter, Emma. As the Danes, how- 
ever, continued iheir hostilities, Ethelred, feeling his 
inability to meet them in open warfare, ordered a general 
massacre of the Danes on the festival of St. Brice (Nov. 
13, 1002, Does sin). Sweyn returned with a powerful 
army and Ethelred was about to be captured when he 
died. 

Edmund Ironside (1016, Does dash) was the son of 
the preceding king, but very unlike him in character. A 
bold and daring warrior as his surname implies, he may 
well be remembered by the accompanying formula. He 
reigned but a few months, being murdered through the 
contrivance of Edric, Duke of Mercia. 



Outlines of English History. 19 

Danish Kings. 

(*) Canute (1016, Does display justice) was the 
first Danish King of England. He obtained the crown 
by violence and bloodshed, but when his sovereignty was 
fully established, a radical change seemed to come over 
him. He repented of his former wrongs. He ruled with 
mildness and justice. He showed personal humility, and 
exerted himself to check wrongdoing and injustice in 
others. 

Harold Harefoot (1035, Does aim low), an illegiti- 
mate son of Canute, was the only claimant in the coun- 
try at the time of his father's death. The great nobles 
were divided as to the choice of a successor to the Danish 
king. Some of them would have preferred the sons of 
their old Anglo-Saxon king, Ethelred. One of these, 
Alfred, was put to death by order of Harold. Ethel- 
worth, the Archbishop of Canterbury, refused to conse- 
crate Harold on account of his infamous life. The other 
claimants, however, being all out of the country, Harold 
was, after considerable opposition, recognized as king of 

(*) When a century word like "does" is used it may be treated as a 
separate formula; and, to express the years, a formula either of the first or 
the second kind may be used, as will best express the meaning intended. 
So "does" is a formula of the first kind, and "display justice," one of the 
second. 



20 Outlines of English History. 

all England. He was very unkingly in his aims. His 
agility in running was the personal characteristic that 
impressed itself most forcibly on posterity. 

Hardicanute (1040, Does raise) was the son of 
Canute and Emma. He was surnamed Hardicanute on 
account of his robust constitution, which, however, broke 
down under his excesses two years after his accession. 
Enraged at Harold for the murder of his half-brother, 
Alfred, he caused the body to be exhumed and beheaded 
and cast into a fen. The formula refers to this act of 
revenge. 

■» Edward the Confessor (1042, Does renew). On the 
death of Hardicanute, the English gladly seized the 
opportunity to throw off the Danish yoke and to restore 
the Saxon dynasty. So they elected as their king, Ed- 
ward, son of Ethel red II and of Emma and half-brother 
of Edmund Ironside. He married Edith, Earl Godwin's 
daughter. His reign was prosperous and peaceful, not 
on account of any great ability displayed by the mon- 
arch, but because of the circumstances of the times — 
the Danes having ceased their incursions and the Welch 
being subdued by the energy and talent of Godwin and 
of his son Harold. Edward was canonized by the Pope 



Outlines of English History. 21 

and surnamed The Confessor. He was the last king of 
the royal line of the Saxons, though not the last Saxon 
king, since Harold, a Saxon nobleman, succeeded him. 

Harold II (1066, Does show jealousy). As the only 
surviving heir of the royal line, Edgar Atheling was 
considered too young to occupy the throne ; Harold, son 
of Earl Godwin, was elected king. William, Duke of 
Normandy, claimed that the crown had been promised to 
him by his cousin, Edward the Confessor, and that his 
promise had been ratified under oath by Harold himself. 
William was therefore very indignant when he heard of 
the election of Harold as king. He sailed for England 
with a large and splendidly equipped army. A great 
and decisive battle was fought at Senlac, near Hastings, 
commonly known as the battle of Hastings. Harold 
and his men were in a favorable position on a hill pro- 
tected by a stockade which enabled them to withstand 
the impetuous onsets of the Normans. For six hours 
the battle had raged, both armies displaying the utmost 
skill and bravery, yet neither seeming to 'gain any 
material advantage. At last William ordered his men 
to feign flight. The Saxons leaving their commanding 
position broke ranks and pursued. The Norman cavalry 



22 Outlines of English History. 

quickly wheeled around and slaughtered them and then 
an arrow-flight decided the day. Harold fell pierced in 
the eye with an arrow. His two brothers were also 
among the slain. The Saxons fled leaving the Normans 
in possession of the field and of the kingdom. 



Connecting Links. 

In a number of instances the formula does more 
than give the distinguishing feature of the reign together 
with the date of accession. It also contains a lurking 
link by which it can be coupled with the name of the 
monarch, so as to prevent the possibility of its being 
associated with the wrong king. A little practice in ob- 
serving these latent relations will enable the thoughtful 
reader to develop other connecting links besides here 
pointed out. 

Take for example the formula "Fall off" used for 
Ethelbald. Its main use is to indicate the shortness of 
his reign and the date of accession. But the expression 
may be thought of in another sense which will associate 
it inseparably with the name of Ethelbald and his alone. 



Outlines of English History. 23 

Playing upon the last syllable of the name, "bald," the 
formula may be thought of as referring to the falling 
off of the hair, which makes one bald. 

In the case of Ethelstan, observe that the last con- 
sonant of the name, "n." is also the first of the main 
word of the formula, "new." 

So with Edmund. The last consonant of the name, 
"d," is also the last of the formula. 

In the case of Edred, while the main use of the 
formula, "Perish," is to indicate the destruction of the 
Danelag, it can be connected with the king's name. 
Separating the last syllable, "dred," and playing upon 
it, it suggests the dread of perishing. 

As to the case of Edwy, remember that Edwin is 
another form of the same name. Separate and play 
upon the last syllable, and how easy it corelates with the 
name of his queen, "win Elgiva." 

Xotice in the case of Edmund Ironside, the promi- 
nence of "d" as the last consonant of the name and sur- 
name, and the first of each word of the formula. 

It may also be observed that in the case of Canute, 
the only name so far ending in "e" has also a formula 
ending in "e." And so has Hardicanute. 



2-i Outlines of English History. 

Genealogical Table. 

Egbert. 
Ethelwolf. 
Ethelbald. Ethelbert. Ethelred. Alfred. 
Edward the Elder. 
Athelstan. Edmund. Edred. 
Edwy. Edgar. 

Edward the Martyr. Ethelred II. 

Edmund Ironside. Edward the Confessor. 

Observe that the first three sons of Ethel wolf 
reigned in alphabetical order, Ethelbald, 'Ethelbert, 
Ethelred, and that Alfred was the last and youngest. 

Observe, too, that the first king, Egbert, had only 
one reigning son, but his son had four. Also that Alfred 
had only one, but his son had three, and that after this 
every king had two reigning sons. 

Observe, further, that where there were three reign- 
ing sons, it was never the first, or oldest, who transmitted 
the succession. 

Fixing these facts in mind will greatly help to 
retain permanently the genealogical table. 



Outlines of English History. 



25 



KINGS OF ENGLAND. 

Saxons and Danes. 

Egbert 827. First united England. 

Ethelwolf 836. Four male children. 

Ethelbald 858. Fall off. 

Ethelbert 860. Few shows. 

Ethelred I 866. Fetch joy. 

Alfred 871. First good education. 

Edward the Elder 901. Britain is taken. 

Athelstan 925. By new law. 

Edmund 940. By robbers sword. 

Edred 946. Perish. 

Edwy 955. By Elgiva's love. 

Edgar 959. By long peace. 

Edward theMartyr 975. By call. 

Ethelred II 978. By cruel favor. 

Edmund Ironside 1016. Does dash. 

Danish Kings. 

Canute 1016. Does display justice. 

Harold Harefoot 1035. Does aim low. 
Hardicanute .... 1040. Does raise. 

Saxon Kings Restored. 
Edward the 

Confessor .... 1042. Does renew. 
Harold II 1066. Does show jealousy. 



26 Outlines of English History. 

THE NORMAN KINGS. 



William the Conqueror (1066, Does show genius). 
If ever there was a man whose personality impressed 
itself on the history of a nation, that was the one who 
conquered Engand in 1066, and whose successor sits to- 
day upon its throne. The originality of his genius 
showed itself not only in the military tactics by which 
he won at Hastings and in his subsequent engagements 
with the Saxons and the Danes, but also in the measures 
he adopted for the government of the country, by which 
he managed to strengthen and perpetuate his power. 
In William the wild passions of the Northmen "mingled 
strangely with the cool temper of the modern states- 
man." He had "the instinct of government." Even 
those who suffered from his tyranny could not forget 
the peace he secured for the realm, so that a man 
might walk through the country unmolested "with his 
bosom full of gold." His greatness showed itself very 
largely in the system of government he adopted. The 
feudal system he established enabled him to raise an 
army promptly for any emergency that might arise. 



Outlines of English History. 27 

But that system was dangerous to the crown as well as 
to the conquered people. So he scattered the large 
estates over the country in such a way as to prevent a 
combination of the great land owners, or the personal 
attachment of large areas of population to a single lord. 
Then he took care that every under-tenant should be 
bound to the crown as well as to his lord by the kind of 
oath of allegiance he imposed. He retained, too, in 
his hands the whole judicial power of the realm. The 
financial power was also his. The Dooms Day Book fur- 
nished him with a record of all taxable property. This 
gave him a basis for levying a tax upon his 
people. Another check upon the power of his barons he 
found in the organization of the church. He was practi- 
cally the supreme head of the church. Homage was 
required from bishop as well as from baron. He re- 
moved Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and ap- 
pointed Lanfranc in his place. And the new archbish- 
op helped him largely to restore discipline in the 
church. So the support of the church was one of the 
agencies by which this remarkable man was enabled to 
retain the power which he had won by the sword. 

His death was quite sudden and unexpected. As 



28 Outlines of English History. 

he was riding over the embers of the city of Mants, 
which he had given to the flames, his horse stumbled; 
he fell, and receiving mortal injuries, was carried to 
Rouen to die. 

William Eufus (1087, Does fleece Canterbury), 
the second son of the Conqueror, in accordance with 
wishes of his father, was crowned King of England, 
while his elder brother, Robert, inherited the Dukedom 
of Normandy. The new king had the brutality of the 
Northman without his father's genius for war or govern- 
ment. Shortly after his succession a rebellion of his 
nobles in favor of Robert gave him a reason to invade 
Normandy, his brother's dominions. An accommoda- 
tion was entered into between the brothers. Soon after, 
Robert, desirous of engaging in the first crusade, mort- 
gaged to William his Dutchy for five years, receiving 
therefor a large sum. Shortly before sailing for Nor- 
mandy to take possession, William was found dead, hav- 
ing been accidently shot with an arrow in the New 
Forest. His character was marked by despotism, rapa- 
city and debauchery. The formula refers to his outrage- 
ous plunder of the church. He purposely left bishop- 
rics vacant to appropriate their revenues; and when 



Outlines of English History. 29 

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, died, he failed to 
appoint a successor, and seized upon the revenues of 
Canterbury. 

Henry I (1100, Did seize). When he heard of his 
brother's death, Henry hastened to Winchester, obtained 
possession of the royal treasures and secured the crown, 
notwithstanding the just claims of his elder brother, 
Robert. He published a charter of liberties, promised 
to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor, and still 
further, to gain the good-will of his Anglo-Saxon sub- 
jects, married Matilda, the niece of Edgar Etheling. 
This caused great rejoicing among the people, to see an 
English sovereign, for the "first time since the Norman 
Conquest, sit on the throne of England. The misgovern- 
ment of Robert furnished Henry with a pretext to in- 
vade Normandy. Robert was taken prisoner and spent 
the last twenty-eight years of his life in a prison in 
Wales. Henry's only son, William, having perished by 
shipwreck, the king was without an heir. He made the 
barons swear allegiance to his daughter, Matilda. 

Stephen (1135, Did maintain lawlessness). Not- 
withstanding the better title to the throne of Matilda, 
the king's daughter, and of the oath of the barons in 



30 Outlines of English History. 

her favor, Stephen found little difficulty in obtaining 
the crown. He was a grandson of the Conqueror and 
nephew to the late king and son of the Count of Blois. 
He was personally popular among the lower classes, and 
having secured possession of the royal treasures, he was 
able to hire foreign soldiers who helped him to obtain 
the crown. Feeling his imperfect title to the throne, he 
was obliged to make concessions to his subjects which 
proved a source of great disasters, so that his reign was 
a calamity to the nation. He allowed the nobles to 
build and fortify castles. The land became dotted with 
them. They proved robber-holds, in which a petty ty- 
rant ruled like a king. All persons who were supposed 
to have property were flung into dungeons and tortured 
till 'they gave up their wealth. Historians agree that 
the reign of Stephen was the most wretched in the his- 
tory of the nation, being marked by more lawlessness, 
cruelties and bloodshed than any before or since; not 
on account of any particularly cruel character in the 
sovereign, but simply because, with his imperfect title 
to the crown, he never felt strong enough to hold his 
barons in check. Matilda asserted her claim to the 
throne and warred against him. At last Stephen, weary 



Outlines of English History. 31 

of the struggle, and having lost his son, consented to 
recognize Henry, the son of Matilda, as heir to the 
crown. Shortly after this he died and Henry succeeded 
him. 



Genealogical Table. 

William the Conqueror-. 
Robert. Richard. William Rufus, Henry I*. Adelia. 

Stephen. 
Matilda. 
Henry II (Plantagenet). 



The Normans. 

William the 

Conqueror ....1066. Does show genius. 

William Rufus ..1087. Does fleece Canterbury. 

Henry I .1100. Did seize. 

Stephen 1135. Did maintain lawlessness. 



32 Outlines of English History. 

THE PLANTAGENETS. 



Henry II (1154, Did long repent) was the first 
Plantagenet king of England. His French possessions 
were greater than those of the French king. Only in 
his twenty-first year when he ascended the throne, he 
applied himself with great vigor and resolution to the 
work of government. He banished the foreign merce- 
naries which had long infested the country, and com- 
pelled the nobles to dismantle their fortresses which had 
enabled them to inflict so many cruelties upon the peo- 
ple. He then sought to bring the ecclesiastical power 
in subjection to that of the crown. To carry this into 
effect he chose as his instrument Thomas a Becket, 
whom he had previously made Chancellor, and ap- 
pointed him Archbishop of Canterbury. The king was, 
however, greatly disappointed in Becket's course, as he 
threw all the energy of his imperious temper in assert- 
ing the ecclesiastical power and prerogatives against 
the crown. After a severe contest with Becket, the king, 
in a moment of impatience, expressed a wish that some 
of his friends might rid him of his persistent antagonist. 



Outlines of English History. 33 

Thereupon four knights went to his cathedral and 
stabbed him at the altar. This deed, however, defeated 
the end it was designed to accomplish, so great was the 
general sympathy expressed for the murdered prelate. 
Henry deeply repented of his unguarded expression, and 
humbled himself for several years to atone for it, going 
barefoot on a pilgrimage to the tomb of the canonized 
martyr. 

An important event of this reign was the conquest 
of Ireland in 1172. (What, taken !) 

The later 3'ears of Henry's reign were clouded by 
the rebellion of his sons. When the king learned that 
his favorite son, John, was in league with his disloyal 
sons he sank broken-hearted into the grave. 

Richard I, The Lion-hearted, (1189, Did visit Pales- 
tine), third son of Henry and Eleabor of Aquitaine, was 
much more prominent as a knight and a crusader than 
as king of England. He did not speak Saxon and never 
spent but very little time in England. He spent a few 
months in arranging the affairs of the kingdom and 
then set out with the king of France, Philip Augustus, 
on the third crusade, of which he proved an able cham- 
pion. After many battles with the renowned Saladin, 
-3 



3-L Outlines of English History. 

he succeeded in taking Asealon. He Avas, however, un- 
able to capture Jerusalem, obtaining only a sight of the 
city, when he was forced to return by famine and hard- 
ships. On his return through Germany he was arrested 
by the Duke of Austria, to whom he had given offense 
in Palestine, and was delivered to the Emperor, who 
kept him in confinement until ransomed by his loyal 
subjects. Richard, however, cared little for his English 
subjects, and considered England merely a source of 
supplies for his expensive and fruitless wars. The death 
of Richard was caused by an arrow shot from the castle 
of a rebellious vassal which he was besieging. His char- 
acter was very romantic and his people, though op- 
pressed by his taxes, were proud of his fame. He was 
fond of music and poetry, and won a reputation among 
the Troubadours, or poets of the time. 

John (Lackland, 1199, Did bow prerogative), the 
fourth son of Henry II, succeeded his brother Richard, 
although Arthur, son of an older brother, Geoffrey, was 
the rightful heir. John was one of the worst and mean- 
est kings that ever reigned, his character being a combi- 
nation of falsehood, cowardice, tyranny and licentious- 
ness. Scarcelv can the historian find in him one 



Outlines of English History. 35 

redeeming trait. He murdered his nephew, Arthur, 
probably with his own hand, and kept Arthur's sister, 
Eleanor, in prison till she died. He was involved in a 
controversy with the Roman Pontiff, Innocent III, con- 
cerning the appointment to the vacant seat of Canter- 
bury. The Pope excommunicated and deposed John, 
laid an interdict on England, and let loose the armies of 
France upon the king. John, finding but little support 
from his own people, was compelled to yield and became 
a vassal of the Pope, greatly to the disgust of the Eng- 
lish. The indignation excited by this humiliating step 
caused a rising of his barons against him, and he was 
compelled to sign the Magna Charta, the great charter 
of English liberties. John, however, afterward 
repudiated this charter and made war against the 
barons. In .the midst of the struggle he died, after a 
reign of seventeen years, detested by all his people. 

Henry III (1216, The new dodge). Eldest son 
of John. His minority at his accession and the great 
power acquired by the barons during the reign of King 
John, helped to cripple his authority. His irresolute 
and vacillating character and his efforts to evade the 
charter were the distinguishing features of this reign. 



36 Outlines of English History. 

Hence the above formula. Under the leadership of 
Simon de Mont forte of Leicester (Lester), the barons 
sought to take the government into their own hands. 
Henry was compelled to yield, he and his son, Edward, 
being taken prisoners. The whole power of the realm 
was thrown into the hands of Leicester, who, to strength- 
en his influence, summoned Parliament, giving seats in 
it not only to the barons and knights but also to the 
representatives of the boroughs, or towns. This is con- 
sidered as the origin of the House of Commons, which 
in after times, became so important a branch of govern- 
ment and the chief bulwark of the liberties of the Eng- 
lish people. After a while, however, the people began 
to tire of the illegitimate authority of Leicester and of 
his growing haughtiness. With the help of Prince Ed- 
ward, who had escaped from confinement, his forces 
were defeated at the battle of Evesham, and Leicester 
and his son were among the slain, and Henry's authority 
was re-established. He died after a long but weak reign 
of fifty-six years. 

Edward I (1272, The new king national). Al- 
though Edward had not returned from Palestine when 
his father died, he was immediately proclaimed king 



Outlines of English History. 37 

by the English people. The distinguishing feature of 
this king and of his reign was his oneness with the 
character of his people. His temper was thoroughly 
English. So he was in the truest sense a national king. 
He ratified the Magna Charta, created his son first 
Prince of Wales, and in honor of the useful laws he en- 
acted, won the name of the English Justinian. He 
called a Parliament to which he directed that the repre- 
sentatives of the boroughs should be summoned. He 
also was the king under whom the principle so important 
in the English constitution was recognized, that "no 
taxes can be lawfully imposed without the consent of 
Parliament." During this reign great advances were 
made in literature, social science and general civilization. 
Edward II (1307, They may assassinate king). 
The weakness of this king formed a sad contrast with 
his father's self-reliance, force of character and applica- 
tion to business. He surrendered himself wholly to the 
influence of foreign favorites, who made him lose the 
confidence and respect of his people. His first official 
act was to disobey his father's solemn injunction not to 
withdraw his forces from Scotland. This enabled Rob- 
ert Bruce to recover from the English the fortresses they 



38 Outlines of English History. 

had taken and to re-establish the freedom of his coun- 
try. Edward meanwhile was giving himself up to the 
influence of his frivolous favorite, Piers Gaveston, the 
son of a Gascon knight, who was very unpopular with 
the English. Twice compelled to banish him, he as 
often recalled him. Finally the nobles rose against the 
favorite, and summarily beheaded him without the form 
of a trial. "But it was not long before the king was 
under the influence of another unworthy and unpopular 
favorite, DeSpenser. The Scots, not content with de- 
fending their own country, began to overrun English 
territory. Edward marched against them with an im- 
mense army of 100,000 men, but was disgracefully de- 
feated at Bannockburn by a force of 30,000 under Rob- 
ert Bruce, the king narrowly escaping capture. Edward 
\vas deserted by his wife, Isabella, who went to France 
where her brother, Charles IV, helped her with men and 
means to take the government into her own hands. A 
Parliament was called that deposed Edward. He was 
kept a prisoner and soon after, by order of the queen's 
favorite, Roger Mortimer, was assassinated in the prison. 
Edward III (1327, They may now conquer), eldest 
son of Edward II, was only fourteen years of age at the 



Outlines of English History. 39 

time of his father's death. During his minority the 
royal power was exercised by the queen's mother and 
Roger Mortimer. The next year Edward married Phil- 
lippa of Hainault. In 1330 Mortimer was arrested by 
order of the young king, tried by Parliament and exe- 
cuted. Thereupon Edward assumed the royal power. 
lie possessed much energy and military genius. He re- 
newed the war with Scotland and won the great battle 
of Halidown by which Scotland was again made subject 
to England. The next object of Edward's military 
ambition was to obtain the crown of France. As the 
French king, Charles IV, had died without heirs, the 
nation had placed his cousin, Philip, on the throne. 
Edward through his mother was a more direct descend- 
ant, and would have had a superior title had it not been 
for the Salic law, that is, the law of the Salian Franks, 
by which females can neither inherit nor transmit the 
crown. In spite of this Edward allowed himself to be 
persuaded to assert his claims, and thus entered upon a 
long war, commonly called THE HUNDRED YEARS 
WAR which proved very disastrous to France, and did 
England very little good besides gratifying the military 
ambition of some of her kings and draining the blood 
and treasure of her people. 



40 Outlines of English History. 

Richard II (1377, They may kill king), son of the 
Black Prince and grandson of Edward III. At the be- 
ginning of his reign he showed some ability and vigor, 
but soon lost his energy and surrendered himself to the 
influence of favorites. He quarreled' with several of the 
prominent nobles, specially with Henry of Lancaster, 
and seized upon his estate. Henry made war against 
the king, taking him prisoner and receiving his abdica- 
tion. He was himself crowned as King Henry IV, the 
first of the Lancastrian line. Later, a movement having 
been made to restore the dethroned monarch, Richard 
was killed in the prison. 



Genealogical Table. 

Henry II. 
William. Henry. Richard. Geoffrey. John. 
Prince Arthur. 
Henry III. 
Edward I. 
Edward II. 
Edward III. 
Edward. William. Lionel. John of Gaunt. 

The Black Prince) (Duke of Lancaster.) 

died 1335. Phillippa. 

Richard II. Henry IV. 

Roger Mortimer. 
Edmund Mortimer. 



Outlines of English History. 41 

The Plantagenets. 

Henry II 1154. Did long repent. 

Richard I 1189. Did visit Palestine 

John 1199. Did bow prerogative. 

Henry III 1216. The new dodge. 

Edward I 1272. The new king national. 

Edward II 1307. They may assassinate king 

Edward III 1327. They may now conquer. 

Richard II 1377. They may kill king 




42 Outlines of English History. 

HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 



Henry IV (1399, They may pay penalty), the first 
Lancastrian king, son of John of Gaunt, the fourth son 
of Edward III. The rightful heir was Edmund Morti- 
mer, Earl of March, the great grandson of Lionel, the 
third son of Edward III. Some time after the accession 
of Henry a conspiracy was made to restore Eichard to 
the throne. It ended in failure and those concerned in 
it were executed. This was doubtless what led to the 
murder of the deposed king. Henry feeling his imper- 
fect title to the throne was anxious to secure the influ- 
ence of the church in his favor. So to protect the 
church against heresy he entered upon a course of per- 
secution of the Lollards, or followers of Wickliffe. It 
was under him that the first Englishman was put to 
death on account of his religious opinions. This reign 
was also noted for frequent conspiracies followed by the 
execution of their leaders. A conspiracy was started by 
Harry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, sur- 
named Hotspur, to put Edmund Mortimer on the 
throne. But the rebels were defeated at the battle of 



Outline^ of English History. 43 

Shewsbury, 1403. Two years later another such attempt 
was made, and the Archbishop of York, Richard Scrope, 
who had taken part in it. was executed. So that the 
severe retributions suffered by heretics and rebels formed 
perhaps the most distinguishing feature of this reign 
as expressed in the formula for the accession of this 
king. 

Henry Y (1413, The royal disturber marches), 
inheriting his father's weak title to the throne, contin- 
ued his policy of ingratiating himself with the church 
by persecuting the Lollards and caused their leader, 
Lord Cobham, with many others to be condemned and 
executed. Another way in which he strove to strengthen 
his hold upon the throne was by winning military 
renown. So he renewed the HUNDRED YEARS WAR 
with France which had been begun by Edward III, 
prosecuting it with great vigor and ability and winning 
the memorable battles of Harfleur and Agincourf. He 
wrested from the imbecile king, Charles YI, a recog- 
nition of his absurd claim to the crown of France. But 
before he could carry his plans into execution lie was 
seized with a violent illness of which he died in his 
thirty-fifth year, leaving the throne to his infant son 
Henrv. 



44 Outlines of English History. 

Henry VI (1422, Their ninny). This formula re- 
fers partly to the infancy of the king at his accession, 
and still more to his weakness when grown to manhood. 
The Duke of Bedford, eldest brother of the late king, 
was made regent and carried on the war against France. 
The imbecile French king, Charles VI, having died, his 
son, Charles VII, asserted his claim to the crown. It 
was under him that a new leader was found in the Maid 
of Orleans, Joan of Arc. the peasant girl who led the 
French armies to victory, raising the siege of Orleans 
and causing Charles VII to be crowned at Eheims. Fall- 
ing at last into the hands of the enemy she was burned 
to death in the market place of Rouen as a sorceress 
(1431, Their maid). Henry, when he reached his ma- 
jority, showed but little capacity for government, and 
the troubles caused by his incompetence induced many 
people to the claims of Richard, Duke of York, a 
descendant of Lionel, the third son of Edward III. 
Richard and his adherents raised an army, and in the 
battle of St. Albans, the first of the War of the Roses, 
defeated the Royalists and took the king prisoner (1455, 
The Roses last long). The year after, the king was re- 
stored to his authority. The contest, however, soon 



Outlines of English History. 45 

broke out again and the king was again taken prisoner. 
Margaret, his queen, however, a woman of great ability 
and energy, succeeded in raising an army and defeated 
the Duke of York, causing him to be executed. By her 
order his head was cut off and placed on the gates of 
York with a paper crown upon it in mockery of his 
claims to royalty. Edward, son of the Duke of York, 
joining his forces to those of Warwick, compelled Mar- 
garet to retreat, entered London in triumph and was 
crowned as king under the title of Edward IV. 

Edward IV (1461, The ruler chooses widow), the 
first king of the House of York, succeeded Henry VI, the 
last Lancastrian king. The War of the Koses continued 
for ten years after the accession of Edward. This war 
was so named from the red rose used as a badge by the 
Lancastrians and the white rose by the Yorkists. Ed- 
ward was noted for his handsome person, courage and 
other popular qualities which rendered him a favorite 
with the people of London. But he was a capricious and 
tyrannical sovereign. Although the victory he had won 
at Mortimer's Cross had given Edward the crown, Mar- 
garet of Anjou, the able and ambitious queen of Henry 
VI, was not yet conquered. She was soon in the field 



46 Outlines of English History. 

with an army of 60.000 men, but was totally defeated by 
the forces of Edward and Warwick at Towton. Three 
years after Margaret made another effort to recover the 
crown with a small army she had obtained from the king 
of France, Louis XI, but she was defeated and barely es- 
caped capture. By his marriage with Elizabeth Grey, 
the widow of a Lancastrian knight, which was an- 
nounced while the Earl of Warwick was negotiating an 
alliance for his sovereign, Edward greatly offended that 
high spirited nobleman. Although reeking with Lan- 
castrian blood, he opened negotiations with Margaret 
offering to support the Lancastrian cause. He was at 
first successful, driving Edward from the country and 
again raising Henry from the prison to the throne. But 
Edward, returning to England, encountered his forces 
at Barnet. The Earl's forces were defeated and he was 
slain as he was making his escape. Queen Margaret, 
who had been too late to join her forces with those of 
Warwick, again encountered the forces of Edward at 
Tewkesbury and met with a complete overthrow (1471, 
The red goes down). The queen herself became a cap- 
tive, her son was slain, and Henry taken back to the 
tower, where he died with suspicious promptness. This 



Outlines of English History. 47 

battle which crushed the last hopes of the House of Lan- 
caster ended the War of the Roses. 

The reign of Edward IV was noted for the intro- 
duction of the printing press into England by William 
Caxton, and for a terrible plague, during which more 
persons are said to have perished than during the previ- 
ous fifteen years of the War of the Eoses. 

As Edward was about to engage in a war with 
France he was seized with a disease of which he died, 
leaving his infant sons, Edward and Richard, to the 
guardianship of his designing and ambitious brother, 
Richard, Duke of Gloucester. 

Edward V (1483, They are foully murdered), the 
eldest son of the preceding king, was only thirteen years 
of age when he was proclaimed king. His uncle, 
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, however, soon secured 
possession of his person and of that of his younger 
brother, Richard. Shortly after their confinement, the 
children disappeared and are generally believed to have 
been smothered in their beds by order of Richard, who 
felt that they were the only obstacles in the way of his 
ambition to obtain the crown. 

Richard III (1483, The ruler a foul murderer), 



48 Outlines of English History. 

youngest brother of Edward IV, on whose death he as- 
sumed the title of Protector, and developed plans for 
securing the crown. Having declared the children of 
the late king illegitimate, he confined them in the 
Tower, where it is believed they were murdered by his 
orders. Upon a pretence of a plot against his life, he 
seized and beheaded Hastings, Grey and others who were 
known to be loyal to the children of Edward IV. A 
conspiracy was entered into led by the Duke of Bucking- 
ham to place Henry Tudor, Earl of Kichmond, on the 
throne. It was, however, detected and foiled, and its 
leader, Buckingham, was immediately beheaded. 
Richard then summoned a Parliament and obtained a 
recognition of his title. In order still further to 
strengthen himself he desired to marry Elizabeth, the 
daughter and heiress of Edward IV. With a view to 
this he caused his wife, Anne, the daughter of Warwick, 
to be poisoned. These crimes at length alienated the 
people from Richard, who in the beginning of his reign 
had acquired a certain popularity by the adoption of 
reform measures that seemed to show a sympathy with 
interests of his subjects. The pretence of a constitu- 
tional rule, however, was soon thrown off and a general 



Outlines of English History. 49 

irritation was caused by the levy of benevolences in defi- 
ance of a statute which had just been passed. So, when 
shortly after, Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven, a 
wide conspiracy revealed itself. The opposing forces 
met on the field of Bosworih. In the crisis of the fight 
Sir William Stanley, who had been a staunch supporter 
of Richard, passed over to Henry's side. Richard fought 
with desperate valor. He dashed the Lancastrian stand- 
ard to the ground and was hewing his way to the pres- 
ence of his rival when he fell overwhelmed by numbers 
and the crown which dropped from his head was placed 
on that of Henrv Tudor. 



The Houses of Lancaster and York. 

lancaster. 

Henry IV ...... 1399. They may pay penalty. 

Henry Y 1413. The royal disturber 

marches. 
Henry YI 1422. Their ninny. 

YORK. 

Edward IY ... .1461. The ruler chooses widow. 

Edward Y 1483. They are foully murdered 

Richard III . . . .1483. The ruler a foul murderer 



50 Outlines op English History. 

Genealogical Table op the Lancastrian and York 
Families. 

Edward III. 
Lionel, John of Gaunt, 

(Duke of Clarence.) (Duke of Lancaster). 

Philippa, John Beaufort, 

Married to Edmund Mortimer, (Earl of Somerset). 

Earl of March. 
Roger Mortimer. John Beaufort, 

(Duke of Somerset). 
Edward Mortimer, Anne. Margaret Beaufort, 

died 1424. Richard, Duke of York. 

Henry Tudor, 
Edward IV. George. Richard III. (Afterward Henry VII.) 

(Duke of Clarence). 
Edward V. Richard. Elizabeth. 

Margaret Beaufort, 
(Great Granddaughter of John of Gaunt), 

married to Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, 

son of Owen Tudor by Catherine, 
widow of Henr)' V. 



Outlines of English History. 51 

THE TUDORS. 



Henry VII (1485, The royal funds ill-gotten). 
The victory of Bosworth gave Henry the crown though 
he had but a weak title to it. He married Elizabeth of 
York, however, daughter of Edward IV, thus uniting 
the Lancastrian and the Yorkist titles to the crown. 
Two insurrections took place under this reign, one under 
Lambert Simnel, who claimed to be the young Earl of 
Warwick, grandson of the King-Maker, whom Henry 
was jealously keeping in prison and filially caused to be 
executed. The other insurrection was under Perkin 
Warbec, who pretended to be Richard, Duke of York, 
the younger son of Edward IV, one of the two young 
princes murdered by Richard III. Henry VII had four 
children, Arthur, Henry VIII, Margaret and Mary. 
Arthur married Catherine of Aragon. As Arthur died 
in his youth, and his father was very reluctant to give up 
the generous dowry of Catherine, he had her affianced to 
his second son Henry. His daughter Margaret he gave 
in marriage to the Scottish king, James IV, from whom 
were descended Mary Stuart and her son James VI of 



52 Outlines of English History. 

Scotland, James I of England. His daughter Mary was 
married to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, from 
whom was descended the unfortunate Lad}' Jane Grey. 

The favorable features of this reign were the peace 
secured by the union of rival claims to the crown, the 
impulse given to commerce and manufactures, the be- 
ginning of the voyages of discovery and the laving of 
the foundation of the English navy by the building of 
the "Great Harry/' and also the preparing of the way 
for the future annexation of Scotland. 

A most unfavorable feature was the intense avarice 
of the king which made him extort money from his sub- 
jects by illegitimate and unjust methods. Two lawyers, 
Empson and Dudley, gained an infamous notoriety by 
acting as the instruments of his rapacity. 

The worst acts of this king were the execution of 
the young Earl of Warwick on account of his superior 
title to the throne, and that of Sir William Stanley, who 
had saved Henry's life on the battlefield and crowned 
him king, because he was charged by one of the king's 
spies with having said that if he knew that the Pretender 
was really Richard, the son of Edward IV, he never 
could bear arms against him. The pleasure, however, 



Outlines of English History. 53 

with which the king appropriated this nobleman's for- 
tune and estate as soon as lie had heard that his head 
had fallen on the sawdust of the scaffold on Tower Hill, 
quite obliterated the memory of the fact that he owed to 
Stanley his life and his crown. 

,0 

Henry VITI (15IT9, The lofty sovereign's absolu- 
tism), the second Tudor king was the most absolute 
sovereign that ever reigned in England. This was part- 
ly on account of his indisputable title to the throne, 
partly on account of the overflowing treasury his father 
had left him and partly on account of the great abilities 
of his two principal ministers. Wolsey and Cromwell. 
who made it their great aim to concentrate all the powers 
of the state in the monarchy. Henry had six wives, the 
first; Catherine of Aragon, from whom he was divorced 
after living with her about twenty years. Second, Anne 
Boleyn, maid of honor to his first queen, whom he caused 
to be executed for alleged infidelity. Third. Jan.- Sey- 
mour, maid of honor to Anne Boleyn. whom he married 
the third day after Anne's execution. Fourth, Anne of 
Cloves, with, whose portrait he had been quite pleased, 
but being disappointed in the original, divorced. Fifth, 
Catherine Howard, who was found guilty of adultery 



54 Outlines of English History. 

and beheaded less than two years after. And sixth, 
Catherine Par. who outlived him. 

In 1534 Parliament declared the king supreme head 
on earth of the Church of England in opposition to the 
claims of the Pope. 

Henry, while renouncing the supremacy of the 
Pope, tried to retain the doctrines of the Eoman Catho- 
lic Church and persecuted and put to death those who 
differed from him whether reformers or romanists. His 
tyranny in the latter years of his reign became very 
ruthless and unbearable. 

Edward VI (1547, The lad's reign clipped), the 
son of Henry VIII, was only ten years of age when his 
father died. His maternal uncle, Edward Seymour, 
Duke of Somerset, was made protector of the kingdom. 
Finding his authority endangered by the ambitious 
schemes of his brother, he caused him to be arrested and 
executed. After having ruled England with kingly 
power, he now became very unpopular. Through the 
management of Warwick he was deposed. A few years 
later he was accused of high treason and executed. 
Warwick was now supreme. He assumed the title of the 
Duke of Northumberland and began to rule like a king. 



Outlines of English History. 55 

Foreseeing that the ill-health of the young king- 
would soon make the throne vacant he aimed to secure 
the succession in his own family. To this end he mar- 
ried his son Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, a great grand- 
daughter of Henry VII through that monarch's young- 
est daughter Mary. Shortly after this settlement the 
young king grew rapidly worse and died. 

Mary (1553, They all loathe Mary). Through the 
influence of Northumberland, Lady Jane was informed 
of the death of her royal cousin and of her own elevation 
io the throne. She received the news with great misgiv- 
ings. The people received the announcement of her ac- 
cession with sullen silence and expressions of scorn. 
Mary at once took measures to assert her rights. She 
was proclaimed queen by the authorities of London, and 
hailed with shouts of applause by the populace as she 
entered the city. Northumberland and his colleagues 
were compelled to submit. Northumberland and two of 
hi- accomplices were convicted of treason and executed. 
Lady Jane Grey and Lord Gilford Dudley were also 
sentenced to death, but the queen was reluctant to carry 
the sentence into execution. A rebellion, however, hav- 
ing taken place later and some of the friends of Lady 



56 Outlines of English History. 

Jane Grey having taken part in it, the queen signed the 
death-warrant of that unfortunate princess and her hus- 
band and they were both beheaded. The queen married 
Philip of Spain. She was a zealous Romanist, and pre- 
vailed upon Parliament to restore the kingdom to obedi- 
ence to the Pope. She then initiated a system of rigor- 
ous persecution against protestants. She caused among 
others, Ridley, Bishop of London, Latimer of Worcester 
and Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, to be burned 
at the stake. Several hundred persons are known to 
have fallen victims of her bloody persecutions. She died 
detested by the great majority of her subjects. 

Elizabeth (1558, Dual life). If ever there was an 
English sovereign that had two different and opposite 
selves, it was Queen Elizabeth. She was a strange com- 
pound of greatness and frivolity. Hence the above 
formula. Elizabeth was a daughter of Henry YITT and 
Anne Boleyn, and the last sovereign of the House of 
Tudor. Her childhood was passed in comparative retire- 
ment and she was educated by persons who favored the 
reformed religion. She learned the Latin, Greek, 
French and Italian of the celebrated Roger Aseham. 
In 1554 she was confined in the Tower bv order of Queen 



Outlines of English History. 57 

Mary who believed her implicated in Wyatt's Rebellion 
and regarded her with jealousy because she was the 
favorite of the protestant party. On the death of Queen 
Mary, Elizabeth ascended the throne, and the majority 
of the people rejoiced at her accession. She appointed 
William Cecil secretary of stare, and the success of her 
reign was in a great measure due to the wisdom and 
abilities of that statesman. 

The great aim of Elizabeth's policy from one 'Mid 
of her reign to the other to which she made everything 
else subservient, was to avoid foreign wars and a parti- 
san strife at home, and to have a united and prosperous 
people. But to retain our respect for her we must not 
look too closely at the variety of expedients she used to 
accomplish her purpose. 

The great mistake of Elizabeth's reign was the long 
continued confinement of Mary Stuart and her final exe- 
cution. Historians are of opinion that the life and 
throne of Elizabeth would have been safer had Mary 
been generously set a' liberty when she landed on Eng- 
lish soil. 

The most important political event was the at- 
tempted invasion of England by Philip II and the 



58 Outlines of English History. 

destruction of his "Invincible Armada" partly by the 
violence of the storm and partly by the skill and bold- 
ness of English seamen in 1588 (The long fleet foiled). 
The reign of Elizabeth was one of the most prosper- 
ous and glorious in English history. The Elizabethan 
Age was almost unequaled in literature, and was adorned 
by the genius of Shakespeare, Spencer, Bacon, Sidney 
and Raleigh. 

The Tudoks. 

Henry VII 1.485. The royal funds illgotten. 

Henry VIII . . . .1509. The lofty sovereign's 

absolutism. 

Edward VI 1547. The lad's reign clipped. 

Mary 1553. They all loathe Mary. 

Elizabeth 1558. Dual life. 



Genealogical Table. 

Henry VII. 
Arthur. Henry VIII. Margaret. Mary. 

Mary. Elizabeth. Edward VI. 



Outlines of English History. 59 



THE STUARTS. 



James I (1603. The joyous Stuart mounts) , only 
son of Mary Queen of Scots and Henry, Lord Darnley, 
on the death of Elizabeth succeeded to the throne of 
England. 

As king of Scotland he had been little more than 
a puppet in the hands of his powerful nobles. His ac- 
cession as king of England changed all of this. Never 
was "an heir to the English throne more glad to secure it. 
He soon, however, became unpopular with his new sub- 
jects. The anger of the Roman Catholics at the stern 
measures used against them led to the famous Gunpow- 
der Plot, which was discovered on the fifth of November, 
1605. Weak and good natured, he enriched his favor- 
ites at the expense of the royal treasury. He degraded 
the prerogative of the crown by the sale of titles of 
dignity. Though absurdly lacking in kingly qualities, 
he thoroughly believed in his divine right to rule. His 
reign is of interest to the student of English Constitu- 
tional History as it was during it that Parliament may 
be said to have taken its first decided stand in its long 



60 Outlines of English History. 

contest with the crown. This reign was distinguished 
by many memorable events. It witnessed the literary 
and political careers of Bacon and Raleigh, the disgrace 
of both and the execution of the latter; the dramatic 
activity of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson; the transla- 
tion of the English Bible; the colonization of Virginia 
and ¥ew England; the formation of two well defined 
schools of English Protestantism, and the beginning of 
the struggle between king and commons which brought 
the head of his son and successor to the block. James 
was despicable in his personal qualities; was weak, 
cowardly, passionate, vindictive, superstitious, fanatical 
and prone to fall under the influence of worthless favor- 
ites. He was termed by Sully "the wisest fool in Chris- 
tendom." "He was indeed/"' says Macaulay, "made up 
of two men — a witty, well-read scholar, who wrote, dis- 
puted and harangued, and a nervous, drivelling idiot 
who acted." 

Charles I (1G25, They show no leniency). Henry, 
the oldest son of James I, having died, Charles, his sec- 
ond son, inherited the crown. He married Henrietta 
Maria, a daughter of Henry IV of France, who was a 
"Roman Catholic. He chose as his prime minister the 



Outlines of English History. 61 

unpopular Duke of Buckingham. Parliament, ani- 
mated by a growing spirit of liberty, was sparing in its 
grant of supplies, and was soon involved in a contest 
with the court. Charles dissolved several Parliaments 
in the first five years of his reign, and had recourse to 
arbitrary methods of raising money. He governed 
eleven years without a Parliament. Scotland assumed 
an attitude of determined resistance to the imposition of 
a Liturgy and of Episcopal Church-government. They 
rose in arms to assert their liberty and subscribed the 
National Covenant. They invaded England and 
defeated the royal army at Newbern-on-Tyne. This 
disaster and the want of money induced the king to call 
a new Parliament, which met in November, 1640, and 
was the famous Long Parliament. They passed a reso- 
lution to which they wrested the consent of the king 
that they were not to be dissolved without their own 
-<nt. They impeached the Earl of Strafford, the 
principal minister of the king, and caused him to be 
executed, and they imprisoned Archbishop Laud. In 
1 6 { ri the king made a rash and abortive attempt to arrest 
the leader.- of the opposition movement in Parliament, 
tame to the House of Commons with a body of sol- 



62 Outlines of English History. 

diers and demanded that Pym, the leader of Parliament, 
Hampden, the patriot who had suffered imprisonment 
for resisting arbitrary taxation, and three other mem- 
bers should at once be delivered up to him as being 
guilty of high treason. The Speaker refused to comply, 
and the king left the House amid the murmurs of the 
indignant members. Provoked by this outrage, the 
Parliament appealed to arms. In the first engagements 
the Eoyalists were victorious. But at the battle of 
Naseby, Charles was defeated by Cromwell and surren- 
dered to the Scottish army which transferred him to the 
custody of the English Parliament. Having been tried 
and convicted in a high court appointed for the occasion, 
he was beheaded at Whitehall, January 30, 1649. 

The Commonwealth (1649, They choose Republi- 
can Polity) . A few days after the execution of the king 
the Commons voted to abolish the House of Lords as 
well as the monarchy, and appointed a Council of State, 
of which Bradshaw, the presiding judge of the court 
that condemned the king, was made president. The 
real head of the government, however, was Oliver Crom- 
well, who wielded the power of the army then nearly 
50,000 strong. In 1653 he assumed the title of Lord 



Outlines of English History. 63 

Protector of the Commonwealth. His domestic policy 
was favorable to religious liberty and conducive to the 
prosperity of the country. His foreign policy was digni- 
fied and enlightened, and secured for England a more 
commanding position than she had previously occupied. 
All Europe trembled at his voice, and the flag of Britain 
waved triumphant over every sea. He died September 
3, 1659. 

Richard Cromwell (1658, The shrinking leader 
fails) quietly succeeded his father in the office of Pro- 
tector. His want of capacity for so difficult a position 
was soon felt. The next year a Parliament passed a 
vote to recognize Charles, the son of the late king, as 
their sovereign. A few days afterwards Charles entered 
London amid the joyful acclamations of the citizens 
and reascended the throne of his ancestors. This event 
is known in English History as the Restoration. 

Charles II (1660, The church changed suddenly) 
was thirty years old when, after an exile of sixteen years, 
he was restored to his throne. He was characterized by 
a cheerful disposition, easy and graceful manners and 
an utter lack of moral principle. 

Among the first acts of the restored king's reign 



Gl Outlines of English History. 

were the abolition of the last relic of the Feudal System, 
the disbanding of Cromwell's army and the restoration 
of the Church of England. Our formula is based on 
this last circumstance. 

Six of the regicide judges were tried and executed, 
and on the anniversary of the king's death, the bodies 
of Cromwell, Treton and Bradshaw were disinterred, 
hanged on the gallows and then decapitated, and their 
heads fixed on Westminster Hall. 

A most remarkable feature of the period was the 
entire change which took place in the sentiments of the 
people. "During the reign of Charles I," says a histor- 
ian, "they manifested a most intense zeal for liberty; 
but now seemed eager to evince a.n equally extravagant 
spirit of submission. Under the control of the Puritans 
they seemed to think that Religion consisted in gloom, 
austerity and the sacrifice of all social gayety and pleas- 
ure: but, going to the opposite extreme, they now 
plunged into riot and dissipation.'* 

Charles appointed Lord Clarendon, Prime Minis- 
ter. In 1GG2 he married Catherine, a daughter of the 
King of Portugal. In 16G5 he declared war without 
any good reason against the Dutch — a war which was 



Outlines of English History. 65 

contrary to the feelings and commercial interests of the 
English people. In 1667 Lord Clarendon was removed 
from power and was succeeded by a corrupt ministry 
called the Cabal. These ministers abused their power 
to promote Popery and absolute monarchy. By a singu- 
lar coincidence the initials of the five men who then 
composed the cabinet spelled the word Cabal. These 
men were Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington and 
Lauderdale. This circumstance gave point to the term 
of reproach applied to the ministry, as the word Cabal 
at that period as at present was used to mean a secret 
association composed of a few designing persons. 

The king showed partiality to the Roman Catholic 
Church of which he had secretly become a member. A 
rumor of a Popish plot caused a violent excitement 
among the people in 1678. Charles dissolved the Parlia- 
ment in that year and called another which, in 1679, 
passed the Habeas Corpus Act in opposition to the will 
of the court. The prevalence of corruption and profli- 
gacy in politics and morals, together with the despotic 
policy of the court rendered this reign one of the most 
disgraceful in English History. Charles left no legiti- 
mate children and was succeeded by his brother, 
James II. 



66 Outlines of English History. 

James II (1685, They change fundamental law). 
This formula refers to the Revolution which took place 
under this reign and by which James was deposed The 
great events of his reign were the Insurrection of Argyle 
in Scotland, 1685, and that of Monmouth in the west 
of England in the same year; the bloody assizes in which 
those suspected of taking part in the rebellion were ex- 
posed to the unjust sentences of the brutal Jeffries; the 
persistent attempts of the king to overthrow constitu- 
tional government and to establish arbitrary royal power 
and the Roman Catholic religion and the maintenance 
of a standing army without legal warrant. 

These grievances brought on the Revolution of 
1688, sometimes called the "Bloodless Revolution." 
which completely changed the constitutional basis of the 
state, breaking forever with the divine right theory and 
introducing the period of parliament government. Wil- 
liam, Prince of Orange, a cousin of the king, and Mary, 
Princess of Orange, the king's eldest daughter, were 
called by common consent to the throne, but before they 
were crowned they were obliged to sign the Declaration 
of Rights as a guarantee of constitutional government. 
James, who had fled to France, invaded Ireland in 1689, 



Outlines of English History. 67 

but in 1690 he was defeated by William in the Battle of 
the Boyne. He again returned to France and spent the 
rest of his life in futile efforts to regain the throne. 

William and Mary (1689, The joint fortunes be- 
gun), son of William II of Orange and Mary, daughter 
of Charles I of England, married his cousin Mary, 
daughter of James II. 

The tyranny of James II having alienated his sub- 
jects from him, William was invited by a large number 
of the most prominent men in England to interfere, and 
on November 5. 1688, he landed at Torbay with an 
army of 15,000 men. His success was rapid and blood- 
less. Men of influence of all parties gave him their 
presence and support; and on the 18th of December 
folloAving he entered London triumphantly as a national 
deliverer. The object of William, however, in accept- 
ing the crown of England was probably not so much to 
free the English nation from the tyranny of James, as 
to enlist its power on his side against that of France. 
In spite of his sterling qualities and of the debt which 
they owed to him, the English nation never really liked 
William III. His wife, Mary, on whom the crown had 
been conferred jointly with himself, died in 1694, leav- 
ing him sole king. 



68 Outlines of English History. 

William Til (1694, Does share burdensome wars). 
The European wars in which he took so prominent a 
pari were a source of great expense to England and 
created a large national debt from which she has never 
recovered. William was unquestionably a practical 
genius of a high order, and the services which he ren- 
dered both to England and to his native country can 
scarcely be overrated. In his domestic life he commit- 
ted the error of a too stern repression of all manifesta- 
tion of kindly and genial feeling. His manner was 
wholly Dutch, and even his countrymen thought him 
blunt. "In his intercourse with the world in general/' 
says Macaulay, "he appeared ignorant or negligent of 
those arts which double the value of a favor and take 
away the sting of a refusal/' 

Anne (1602, The kingdom Scotland annexed), last 
sovereign of the House of Stuart?, second daughter of 
James II, wife of Prince George of Denmark. She was 
a member of the Church of England, and was thirty- 
eight years of age when she ascended the throne. 

Sarah Jennings (afterward Duchess of Marlbor- 
ough) was a friend of Anne's childhood, and exercised 
an almost unbounded influence over her both before and 



Outlines of English History. 69 

after her accession to the throne. Marlborough and his 
wife were powerfully felt in all public affairs during the 
greater part of her reign. The difference of political 
principles, however, between the queen and the Marl- 
boroughs and the presumption of the Duchess arising 
from the strong influence she had so long exercised over 
Anne caused a rupture between them; and Mrs. 
Masham, a relative of the Duchess, whom she had her- 
self introduced at court, supplanted her in the intimacy 
and affections of the queen. 

Among the important events of this reign were a 
number of signal victories gained by the Duke of Marl- 
borough over the armies of Louis XIV, and the union 
of England and Scotland in 1707. 

Anne's reign was rendered illustrious by some of 
the greatest names both in literature and science which 
her country has ever produced; but literature and 
science owed little to her active encouragement. This 
period has been styled the "Augustan Age of English 
Literature," being illustrated by the genius of Xewton, 
Addison, Pope, Bolingbroke. Swift, DeFoe and others. 
Anne died of apoplexy, and being childless at the 
time of her death, was succeeded by her cousin. George I. 



Outlines of English History. 



The Stuarts. 

James I 1603. The joyous Stuart mounts 

Charles I 1625. The} 7 show no lenienc}^ 

The Common- 
wealth 1649. They choose Republican 

polity. 
Richard Cromwelll658. The shrinking leader 

vanishes. 
Charles II 1660. The church changed 

suddenly. 
James II 1685. They change fundamental 

law. 
William and Mary 1689. The joint fortunes begun. 

William III . . . .1694. Does share burdensome 

wars. 
Anne 1702. The kingdom Scotland 

annexed. 



Outlines of English History. 



GENEA LOGICAL TABLE. 

James I. 
Henry. 
(Died 1612.) Elizabeth. 

(Married Frederick, 
Elector Palatinate.) 
Charles I. 
Charles James Henry. Mary. Rupert. Maurice. Sophia. 
II. II. (Married to (Married to 

Prince William Elector of 

of Nassau.) Hanover.) 

(Died 1660.) 
Mary. Anne. James Francis Edward. 
(Married to ^The Pretender.) 

William III.) William III. 

(Married his cousin Mary.) 
Charles Edward. Henry Benedict. 

(The young Pretender.) (Cardinal of York, 

last of the Stuarts, 
died 1807.) 



72 Outlines of English History 



THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 



George I (1714, The king too reserved), son of the 
Duke of Brunswick, Elector of Hanover, and of Sophia, 
granddaughter of James I. To him England was to the 
last a foreign country, for which he had no love, and of 
the language, feelings and thought of which he was pro- 
foundly ignorant. He married his cousin, Sophia, from 
whom he was divorced, a few years afterwards. He 
kept her in prison on a charge of infidelity for the last 
thirty-two years of her life. Xotwithstanding his dis- 
like of England, George served British interests faith- 
fully and with considerable ability. But his private 
character was thoroughly bad. 

The principal events of this reign were the first 
Jacobite Rebellion; the failure of the South Sea Com- 
pany and the Spanish War of 1726. George I never won 
the love of his subject?. His scant knowledge of English 
and his sullen disposition made him very reserved, so 
that he appeared to a great disadvantage in contrast 
with those who had been trained in the elegant literary 
society of the preceding reign. 



Outlines of English History. 73 

George II (1727, The king nearer English), suc- 
ceeded his father at the age of forty-four years. He had 
been throughout life an object of dislike to his father, 
in consequence of which his education was neglected. 
This defect was, however, largely offset by the abilities 
of his noble queen, Caroline, whose influence over the 
king was so great that until her death she may be said 
to have ruled England. Walpole continued to admin- 
ister the government. His policy was one of peace, but 
his Parliamentary tactics depended for success upon 
bribery and corruption. The king's fondness for war 
led him to take command at the battle of Dettingen 
where he won a victory in spite of tactical blunders. 
Other great events of this reign were the battle of ^lin- 
den and Fontenoy; the second Stuart invasion: the war 
of Clive in India, and the Conquest of Canada. 

On the wbole, Ihe reign of George II was a prosper- 
ous one. According to Hallam, "the most prosperous 
period that England had ever known;" and it was this 
not less from the acquisition of new territory than from 
the conquest of new fields of thought affected by Pope, 
Hume. Samuel Johnson, Fielding, Smollet and many 
others. 



74 Outlines of English History. 

George II died suddenly at the advanced age of 
seventy-seven. Although during his whole reign he re- 
mained thoroughly German in character, he was by no 
means as unpopular as his father had been. His sub- 
jects admired his military courage; and his good-nature 
and better knowledge of English gave him a stronger 
hold on their affections and sympathies. His son, 
Frederick, having died some years before, he was suc- 
ceeded by his grandson, George, the first of the Bruns- 
wick kings that was a native of England. 

George III (1760, The king shows stubbornness), 
succeeded his grandfather at the age of twenty-two and 
had a long and eventful reign of sixty years. His 
honesty of purpose and the purity of his domestic rela- 
tions contrasted strangely with the profligacy of the two 
preceding a,s well as the two succeeding monarchs, and 
did much to offset his narrow and stubborn intellect. 
The annals of his reign are replete with great events. 
The most important of these are the Spanish War of 
1 762-63 ; the American Revolution ; the French Revolu- 
tion ; the Irish Rebellion, and the Napoleonic Wars. 
The king was subject to growing fits of insanity, and 
during the latter part of his reign the Prince of Wales 



Outlines of English History. 75 

acted as regent. This reign was remarkable for great 
literary and industrial activity. 

George IV (1820, Did wife's name scandalize) be- 
came king of Britain on his father's death. He was a 
man of considerable talents and polished manners, but 
perfectly heartless and unprincipled. Nothing excited 
more popular indignation and disgust against the king 
than his treatment of his unfortunate wife, Caroline of 
Brunswick, whom he had married in 1795. A scandal 
was started by him against her character which was 
proved to have been based on a false charge to which 
the widest publicity was given by the king and which 
he made the ground of the most brutal treatment of the 
queen. He ordered that no prayer for his wife should be 
admitted into the prayer-book. He was preparing to 
have her tried by the House of Lords. But the ministers 
realizing the weakness of the accusation and the strength 
of public opinion in her favor, abandoned the bill before 
it reached the House of Lords. A public illuminaition 
showed the sympathies of the people, and at the next 
session the Commons voted her an annuity of 50,000 
pounds. The next year, however, she was repelled with 
insult from the door of Westminster Abbey, whither she 



76 Outlines of English History. 

had gone to see the coronation of the king, and a few 
days afterward expired. 

Eoyal visits to Scotland and Ireland; the aid ren- 
dered to the Greeks by the British fleet in the buttle of 
Navarino, which secured the independence of Greece, 
and the passing of the Roman Catholic Relief Bill, so 
odious to his father, are the most notable incidents of 
this king's reign. 

William IV (1830, The franchise measures secur- 
ed). The previous king, having left no heir, was suc- 
ceeded by his brother, the Duke of Clarence. As he had 
served in the navy, he was often called the Sailor King. 
Although William was very far from being personally a 
good man, his short reign is remembered by his country- 
men with much pleasure and gratitude on account of the 
Parliamentary reforms it witnessed, removing the right 
of sending members to Parliament from small districts 
called "rotten boroughs," in which representation had 
become obselete, giving the right of representation to 
cities that had grown into wealth and importance and 
extending the franchise, or right to vote, more widely 
among the middle classes. This reign was made memor- 
able also by the abolition of slavery throughout all the 
British colonies. 



Outlines of English History. 71 

Victoria (183?, The favorite motherly queen). 
William IV, having died without heir, his niece, Vic- 
toria, daughter of the Duke of Kent, assumed the throne 
of Great Britain and Ireland, that of Hanover falling 
by the law excluding females to her uncle, the Duke of 
Cumberland. She married her cousin, Prince Albert 
of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She has enjoyed a reign of 
peace and prosperity unexampled in the annals of Eng- 
land under the successful administrations of Melbourne, 
Peel, Russell, Derby, Aberdeen, Palmerston, Gladstone, 
»_ Disraeli, Roseberry and Salisbury. Among the impor- 
-& taut events of her reign have been the establishment of 
the penny postage; the Amendment of the Poor Laws 
in Scotland and Ireland; the transfer of the Indian 
possessions from the East India Company to the crown; 
the Disestablishment of the Irish Church; the discovery 
of gold in Australia and British Columbia; the war 
with Russia in defense of Turkey, in which the siege of 
Sebastopol and the sufferings of the British army form 
the most prominent episodes; the Indian Mutiny; the 
establishment of telegraphic communication with 
America ; and the formation of the Dominion of 
Canada. 



78 Outlines of English History. 

The loss of her mother and of her husband, Prince 
Albert, within a few months, affected her with such pro- 
found grief, that although performing the duties of 
sovereignty, she did not appear in public as before for 
nearly fifteen years. 

"In Queen Victoria," according to Macaulay, "her 
subjects have found a wiser, gentler, happier Elizabeth." 
Beyond any other monarch she has given evidence that 
she regards her royal authority as held in trust for the 
people. She has also given a pattern of every domestic 
virtue, and the progress made by the nation during 
more than half a century has been due in no small 
measure to the wisdom, the tact and the devotion of 
the monarch. 

The House of Brunswick. 

George I 1714. The king too reserved. 

George II 1727. The king nearer English. 

George III 1760. The king shows stubborn- 
ness. 

George IV 1820. Did wife's name scan- 
dalize. 

William IV 1830. The franchise measures 

secured. 

Victoria 1837. The favorite motherly 

queen. 



Outlines of English History. 79 

Genealogical Table. 

George I. 
George II. Sophia. 

(Queen of Prussia.) 

Frederick. William. Six Others. 

(Died in 1751.) (Duke of Cumberland.) 

George III. 

George Frederick. Charlotte. William Edward. Ernest. 

IV. (Duke of (Queen of IV. (Duke of (King of 

York.) Wurtenburg.) Kent.) Hanover.) 

Charlotte. 

(Princess of Wales, died 1817.) 

Victoria. 

Albert Alice. Alfred. Eleanor. Louisa. Arthur. Leopold. 

Edward. Beatrice. 

(Prince of Wales.) Adelaide. 



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